{"id":38115,"date":"2026-05-07T17:09:07","date_gmt":"2026-05-07T15:09:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/new.realcasadiborbone.it\/h-m-charles-of-bourbon-restorer-of-the-kingdom-of-naples\/"},"modified":"2026-06-04T18:21:57","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T16:21:57","slug":"h-m-charles-of-bourbon-restorer-of-the-kingdom-of-naples","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/realcasadiborbone.it\/en\/h-m-charles-of-bourbon-restorer-of-the-kingdom-of-naples\/","title":{"rendered":"H.M. Charles of Bourbon, Restorer of the Kingdom of Naples"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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H.M. Charles of Bourbon, Restorer of the Kingdom of Naples\n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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H.M. Charles of Bourbon,
Restorer of the Kingdom of Naples\n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Charles of Bourbon, King of Naples<\/h1>

Charles of Bourbon, King of Naples<\/p>

constantinianorder.com<\/a><\/strong><\/p>

press and media<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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A Decisive Reign (1734\u20131759)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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It is customary to consider Charles the first King of Naples of the Bourbon dynasty, and indeed he is certainly the great restorer of the Kingdom. However, in reality, as we have seen previously, the first sovereign of the dynasty to reign in the Italian South was his father, Philip V, at the moment he ascended the Throne of Madrid in 1700. During the events of the long War of the Spanish Succession, it then happened that Philip, although the winner of the war and therefore the effective sovereign of Spain, lost the viceroyalty of Naples and Sicily in 1707 to the Austrian Habsburgs, who held it until 1734. In that year, Charles of Bourbon, son of Philip V and his second wife Elisabeth Farnese, conquered the Neapolitan viceroyalty with his mother’s diplomatic support, becoming its sovereign in all respects and, assuming the title of Charles, King of Naples, restored the autonomy of the Kingdom of Naples, making it an independent and sovereign nation. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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King Charles of Bourbon<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The historian Angelantonio Spagnoletti writes: \u201cWhen in 1734 Don Carlos of Bourbon, son of Philip V, King of Spain, and Elisabeth Farnese, succeeded in establishing himself in Naples by driving out the Austrians who had governed it since 1707, it was immediately clear to everyone that this conquest did not at all foreshadow a resumption of Spanish rule over Southern Italy. In fact, while maintaining\u2014especially in the early years\u2014strong ties with the court of Madrid, what emerged then was an independent political entity which, as such, was recognized by the Treaty of Vienna in 1738 (…) After more than two centuries of subjection to foreign powers (first Spain and then, for nearly twenty-seven years, Austria), a new independent state appeared on the Italian political landscape\u201d [A. SPAGNOLETTI, History of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Il Mulino, Bologna 1997, pp. 17-18].<\/p>

Charles was born the first son of a second marriage on January 20, 1716. From birth, he was a claimant through his mother\u2014Elisabeth Farnese’s father was the son of a Medici\u2014to a principality in Italy, which included the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza and potentially also the Medici domains, in the event of the extinction (as was beginning to appear) of the direct line. <\/p>

Only by overcoming a long series of obstacles did Elisabeth skillfully manage to secure the Duchy for her young son in 1732 under the guardianship of his grandmother, the Dowager Duchess of Parma; meanwhile, the previous year, Charles had declared himself \u201cGrand Hereditary Prince\u201d of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, as the extinction of the House of Medici was by then certain, and Gian Gastone, the last living Grand Duke, was appointed his co-guardian. Charles’s story changed due to the start of the War of the Polish Succession: in fact, Elisabeth placed her son at the head of an army in Italy and sent him to conquer the Kingdom of Naples, which had been in Habsburg hands since 1707, as previously seen. <\/p>

On January 20, 1734, Charles declared himself of age\u2014and thus no longer under guardianship\u2014and began his march toward Naples. From Monterotondo, he issued a proclamation from Philip V to the Neapolitans, explaining the reasons for the enterprise: on May 10, he entered Naples in triumph. Five days later, the act from Philip V arrived from Madrid, by which he ceded all royal rights over the conquered Kingdom to his son. <\/p>

Strengthened by this, Charles definitively defeated the Austrians at Bitonto, conquered Sicily, and on January 2, 1735, assumed the title of King without a specific numeral: in July, he was crowned King of Sicily in Palermo, and on the 12th, he returned to Naples.<\/p>

However, we are in a phase of his life where the young sovereign was still influenced by the politics of his august and powerful parents, who chose Maria Amalia, daughter of the King of Poland, as his wife in 1737 [Franco Valsecchi describes the Queen thus: \u201cThe young bride was no ordinary woman: her fresh youth had won over even the most prejudiced upon her appearance in Naples: of a sweet and pleasant nature, not lacking in wit, and far from uncultured\u2014she spoke, besides her mother tongue, French, Italian, and Latin\u2014she immediately gained great influence over her husband. But she did not use it, at least in the early years, to exercise political influence…\u201d. Only in the final phase of her life, when she was already Queen of Spain, did she begin to assist her husband politically as well. Cf. F. VALSECCHI, Bourbon Reformism in Italy, Bonacci, Rome 1990, p. 81.].<\/p>

The end of the War of the Polish Succession in 1738 resulted, despite his wishes, in the Habsburg conquest of the Farnese Duchies and Tuscany (the Grand Duchy passed definitively to the Habsburg-Lorraine), while the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza would be entrusted, with the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, to Charles’s younger brother, Philip, who founded the House of Bourbon-Parma.<\/p>

In Naples, Charles governed through a Council of State composed of ministers chosen by his parents, and therefore influenced by Madrid (we recall the figure of the Count of Santostefano, assisted by the Marquis of Montealegre, Tanucci, and Brancaccio).<\/p>

During the War of the Austrian Succession, Charles sent an army corps to Lombardy in 1742 to aid the Franco-Spanish forces (all branches of the House of Bourbon were allies); however, an English fleet appeared in the Gulf of Naples and threatened to bombard the city; Charles then decided to withdraw the corps, sparking the ire of Paris and Madrid. But he redeemed himself well in 1744, when he fully defeated an Austrian army at Velletri, thus ending Habsburg claims to Naples forever and effectively managing to free himself from Madrid’s tutelage. With this victory, Charles truly began to be the King of Naples, and the Kingdom became independent in every respect. This became even clearer in 1746, with the death of Philip V of Spain and the sidelining of Elisabeth: in fact, Charles dismissed Montealegre, replacing him with Fogliani. Valsecchi comments: \u201cCharles’s reign had been, until then, a Hispanic-Italian monarchy: from this moment, it began to become an Italian monarchy\u201d [Ibid., p. 88.]. <\/p>

Indeed, from this moment, Charles became a true \u201cKing of Naples,\u201d entering into perfect harmony with his people and their needs. As the years passed, he overcame the influence of his ministers, becoming a great sovereign and the true architect of his policy, centralizing power in his hands: \u201cSquillace and Tanucci, who occupied the most important positions, were his creatures; and, while enjoying his full confidence, they were confined to their duties, subject to his direct supervision\u201d [Ibid., p. 91.]. <\/p>

After five daughters, Maria Amalia gave Charles his first son, who was unfortunately mentally incapacitated; but then came four more sons (Charles Anthony, Ferdinand, Gabriel, and Francis Xavier), and in this way, the succession was secured. The problem, however, was that \u201cdynastic\u201d threats weighed on the Kingdom. In fact, Charles was destined to succeed his half-brother Ferdinand VI on the Spanish Throne, as the latter was without male heirs, and the great powers, with the League of Aranjuez and the Treaty of Vienna, had established that the Kingdom should pass to the Duke of Parma and Piacenza, Philip of Bourbon, and the two Duchies respectively to Austria and the Savoy. In practice, Charles risked losing the kingdom he had conquered in order to ascend the Throne of Madrid. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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King Charles signs the Pragmatic Sanction of 1759<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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He always worked to ensure that this \u201cmisunderstanding\u201d (as he called it) would not happen: and indeed he succeeded, favored by international situations. When Ferdinand VI died in 1759, he succeeded him on the Throne of Madrid under the name of Charles III, and, renouncing the Crowns of Naples and Sicily (this was already provided for by Bourbon inheritance rules; Charles confirmed this decision by promulgating the Pragmatic Sanction of October 6, 1759, with which he, having become King of Spain, definitively sanctioned the irreversible process of dividing the two Royal Houses), he guaranteed them to his third son, Ferdinand, who was only eight years old (the second son, Charles Anthony, followed him to Spain as heir to the Throne). <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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The regency was entrusted to eight ministers, including Tanucci, Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, but always under Charles’s control from Spain. \u201cNaples owed him the greatest of benefits: independence with all its good effects, after 230 years of servitude to the foreigner,\u201d as Michelangelo Schipa writes in the \u201cEnciclopedia Italiana\u201d (under the entry). <\/p>

The final years of his life would be somewhat embittered by discord with his son in Naples, and in particular with his wife, Maria Carolina, daughter of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, who was determined to break Spanish influence at Court. But his work would remain indelible in Neapolitan history. He died in 1788. <\/p>

The main merit of Charles remains, in fact, that of having recreated the \u201cNeapolitan nation,\u201d having made the Kingdom independent and sovereign, as Spagnoletti also wrote. Although today the most recent and important studies are rightly re-evaluating the policy carried out by the Habsburgs in previous centuries, it is certain that only with the reign of Charles did the Neapolitan government, its sovereigns, and its ministers begin to think and act in the exclusive interest of the Kingdom of Naples and its inhabitants. Drawing a balance of his reign in Naples, the historian Giuseppe Coniglio writes: \u201cCharles, on the eve of his departure for Spain (…) had established everything that could be foreseen and had obtained the approval of the great powers (…) Charles’s sons and brother would reign in peace and pass the throne to their heirs; the diplomatic construction proved efficient and capable of facing the most arduous and stormy events, overcoming extremely difficult periods, both in Spain and in Italy\u201d [G. CONIGLIO, The Bourbons of Naples, Corbaccio, Milan 1999, p. 159.]. <\/p>

Moreover, the well-known historian Franco Valsecchi writes [VALSECCHI, op. cit., pp. 75-79.]: \u201cThe advent of King Charles meant, for the Neapolitans, much more than a change of dynasty. It was, with the new king, the restoration of the ancient kingdom after centuries of foreign domination (…) The governments that had succeeded each other in the first thirty years of the century were foreign governments, distracted by external and distant concerns. The new king also came from outside; but not as a foreign ruler. The hopes of the Neapolitans were ignited: \u201cthank God, we are no longer provincials.\u201d It falls to the new national dynasty the task of interpreting the new reality and its needs.\u201d And the Neapolitans felt involved and united with the new dynasty, as they would amply demonstrate from 1799 onwards with the uprisings and Sanfedismo, the popular armed resistance against the Napoleonic invader. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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The Man and His Work<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchipa describes the man’s qualities in his aforementioned entry in the \u201cEnciclopedia Italiana\u201d: \u201cparsimony, religiosity, balance of spirit, punctuality, purity of character, love for the magnificence of the arts (…) Irreproachable in his personal qualities. As a sovereign, he loved his peoples and sought their well-being…\u201d.\n\nDeeply religious, he was nonetheless a sovereign who did not bow to the directives of the Papacy, even though he never abandoned \u201chis deference as a devoted son of the Church. Everything that did not fit within the framework of traditional faith was loathsome to him\u201d [Ibid., p. 90.]: hence his firm condemnation and persecution of Freemasonry, according to the requests of Benedict XIV. But he was very harsh against the excessive luxury of the high clergy and especially against the Jesuits, particularly during his subsequent government in Spain, where he carried out the sensational expulsion of the Society of Jesus from the Kingdom, whose assets were used for the construction of seminaries and cultural works. An irreproachable man, he was a devoted husband: his only true recreation was hunting. He always aimed for the well-being of his populations (above all, he did his utmost to alleviate the needs of the most destitute, as can be seen in the following lines), and this prompted him to begin\u2014especially in the Kingdom of Naples\u2014that policy of administrative, social, and also religious reforms that have made the House of Bourbon of the Two Sicilies so famous. \n\nMichelangelo Schipa and other historians argue as a criticism that he did not complete the reforms he started, which were instead fully implemented by his successors; however, it must be kept in mind that he had the merit of beginning them and thus providing the mark of government for his heirs to the Throne, and also that he had to leave Naples for Spain at a certain point. And indeed, Schipa admits that it was precisely under his government that Spain itself, after decades of decline, experienced a new rebirth. \n\nHere are the main activities he carried out or at least initiated: listing them from the perspective of building will better convey the idea of the vastness of the Sovereign’s initiatives and interests toward his people.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Chivalric tournament in front of the Royal Palace of Caserta (Salvatore Fergola)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Starting with civil architecture, which the Monarch took great care of precisely to highlight the splendor of the dynasty through the magnificence and beauty of the royal buildings, we must first mention the restoration of the Royal Palace of Naples and the construction of the splendid Royal Palace of Caserta (as a good great-grandson of Louis XIV), the second largest and most beautiful royal palace in the world; and then the Palace of Portici, the magnificent obelisk of San Domenico in Naples, the San Carlo Theater, completed in 270 days, the Casina di Persano, the Royal Palace and the woods of Capodimonte, the road of Marinella and Chiatamone, the pier and the port, Piazza del Mercatello, the Pizzofalcone district, the obelisk of the Conception at Ges\u00f9 Nuovo, the Maddalena Cavalry barracks, the restoration of the ports of Salerno, Taranto, and Molfetta, the port of Girgenti, various roads, etc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Regarding military architecture, we recall the Fort of Granatello, the military quarters of Aversa, Nola, and Nocera, the restoration of many fortresses and the construction of new ones, the creation of the national army and the fleet\u2014the most important in Italy and the first among second-order fleets in Europe\u2014and the construction of military equipment factories that freed the Kingdom from foreign monopoly.<\/p>

For sacred and charitable architecture (the King was always very sensitive to the needs of the poor), we must mention the Retreat of the Poor Maidens of the Immaculate Conception, the Opera del Vestire gli Ignudi (Work for Clothing the Naked), the Piarist School College in Palermo, the Immacolatella, the great Hospice for the Poor in Palermo, the Monastery of the Teresians at Chiaia and Pontecorvo, the two grand Hospices for the Poor of the Kingdom\u2014one at Porto Nolano, the other at Sant’Antonio Abate\u2014the Retreat of Santa Maria Maddalena for reformed women, the Carmelite monastery in Capua, the restoration of the fire-damaged Church of the Annunziata in Naples, etc.<\/p>

For cultural architecture, we recall the splendid new seat of the University, the excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii, the Herculaneum Academy, the Mosaic Factory, the establishment of new academies and chairs in the Kingdom, the Royal Library\u2014which later became the great National Library\u2014and the National Museum. He then called G.B. Vico to court as the Kingdom’s historiographer. <\/p>

Among the commercial initiatives, to save the Kingdom’s very difficult economic condition, Charles established the Board of Trade, entered into negotiations with the Turks, Swedes, French, and Dutch, established an insurance company, and took measures for the protection of forest heritage; he sought to exploit mineral resources, although the initiative later had to be interrupted due to lack of funds, and the other initiatives did not yield the desired effects, at least not immediately.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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The Royal Palace of Capodimonte<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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The most famous of the artistic-commercial initiatives was undoubtedly that of Capodimonte porcelain. Beyond the very high costs, Valsecchi describes the initiative thus: \u201cIt was a splendid creation that translated, with an exquisite sense of art and happy genius, the image of Neapolitan life,\u201d both of the noble and the popular classes. Furthermore, he established consulates and grain banks (monti frumentari), and enacted laws for the advancement of agriculture and animal husbandry. <\/p>

In 1741, he made a concordat with Rome with which he began to tax some properties of the clergy, then updated the tax system; he improved the legislative chaos by launching a new code in 1752, even if it was not strictly applied, and also took an interest in the judicial system, but without disrupting the centuries-old social structure of the State.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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In 1759, Charles went to Madrid to ascend the Spanish Throne. But he left a true Kingdom to his son\u2014a new kingdom, a kingdom set on the path of reform, civil and cultural progress, a kingdom loved by its subjects. And this is the greatest of the riches that his descendants would inherit from him. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H.M. Charles of Bourbon, Restorer of the Kingdom of Naples H.M. Charles of Bourbon,Restorer of the Kingdom of Naples Charles of Bourbon, King of Naples Charles of Bourbon, King of Naples constantinianorder.com press and media A Decisive Reign (1734\u20131759) It is customary to consider Charles the first King of Naples of the Bourbon dynasty, and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":37797,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-38115","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nH.M. Charles of Bourbon, Restorer of the Kingdom of Naples<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover the history of H.M. 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